Articles tagged with science

[Please enjoy this delightfully overthought guest article from Colin Stevens. —Ed.]

Magneto is the pseudonym of one Erik Lehnsherr, a man with the ability to create magnetic fields and control metals. It’s one hell of a useful mutation to have, but it presents us with a bit of a problem that must be considered. Namely: what is it about metals that Magneto can control and why can he not control the other elements? We’ll have to look at several properties of metals. It might be useful to have your periodic table close by.

First thing to clarify is what exactly we mean when we say “a metal”. Defining it specifically, a metal is a substance which conducts more than 10,000 Siemens per meter. Metal has the ability to conduct electricity this well because of its structure when “in the bulk” i.e. when lots of the metal’s atoms are grouped together. Unlike non-metals which form strict chemical bonds where the atoms are positioned specifically, a metal features all its nuclei (central part of the atom) arranged in a lattice while the electrons (outer parts of the atom) are free to swim all over the structure.

It’s a bit like a bowl of Rice Krispies where the Krispies are the nuclei and the electrons are the milk. The electrons are free to move everywhere: they’re not fixed to one specific atom, which helps them to conduct electricity better because they can move so well (electricity being the property of moving electrons). At first we might think this is the property Magneto is exploiting, because it’s the only property that all metals have, perhaps he can control these delocalized “electron seas”? But this can’t be true because of one rather inventive scene in X-2 where Magneto escapes his plastic prison by sucking the Iron out of a prison guard’s blood after Mystique has injected him with it.

Apparently, Magneto required a certain amount of metal for him to use. Normal human bodies only contain 4.5g of metal, which we must assume Magneto could manipulate normally but which would not have been enough for him to build his floating platform as well as two bullets. (Although it does suggest that anyone suffering from Beta-Thalassaemia, a condition in which excessive iron uptake leads to an amount closer to 70 grams, shoudln’t be allowed to guard Magneto.) More importantly however, what it tells us is that he doesn’t need the metal to be “in bulk”; he doesn’t need a solid lump of metal for him to manipulate.

Sir Ian needs no help picking up a man.

In the body, iron is stored in four main proteins: Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Cytochrome-C-Oxidase and Transferrin. All of them contain Iron as an atom. Iron in the blood (mostly Hemoglobin) is held in place via what’s called the Weiss model and involves a single atom of Iron having three of its electrons removed (a process called ionization) and bound in place by nearby Nitrogen atoms.

In other words, Magneto can control single atoms of metals—even metals that have been ionised. He doesn’t require metals to be in the bulk, so it’s apparently not their conductivity he’s exploiting, because iron in the blood doesn’t conduct. So it must be something else.

The first property worth considering is the metal’s magnetic properties. His name is Magneto, after all.

[Enjoy this guest post from Mark Laughter on a subject near to Overthinking It's heart: Eurovision! —Ed.]

On May 29, Lena Meyer-Landrut won the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest for Germany with the song “Satellite,” written by Julie Frost and John Gordon. The final round for this year’s contest was held in Oslo, Norway. The Eurovision Song Contest has taken place each year since 1956 and draws a huge European audience (approximately 120 million worldwide for the 2010 finals). Although critics contend that the results of the competition are often due more to politics than song quality, notable past winners whose victories led to long term success include ABBA (in 1974) and Celine Dion (in 1988).

Meyer-Landrut, who now goes by the stage name Lena, was unknown before the German television contest Unser Star für Oslo, held to select the national representative to Eurovision. The song reached number one on the European pop chart and her new album, including the winning song, spent several weeks at number one on the German and Austrian charts, with 3 of her songs appearing in the top 5 of the German singles chart. During a recent business trip to Europe, I heard “Satellite” literally dozens of times, on every radio station, from store speakers, bars and cafes, etc. It’s a pretty conventional pop song, but with a catchy-enough tune to become an earworm upon multiple hearings, and eventually may get airplay in the United States.

The central premise of the song is that Lena is in the grips of “Love”, about which she orbits “like a satellite”. This presumes that her listeners are familiar with the manner in which satellites orbit larger celestial bodies. However, the lyrics Lena uses to describe her situation reveal inconsistencies when interpreted with classical orbital mechanics, demonstrating that her situation is, in fact, not at all “like a satellite”.

Fighting the T-1000

by lee — Tue, Jan 26, 2010, 7:00am
dr-silberman

I had no choice. My health insurance wouldn't pay for anyone else.

My doctor recently diagnosed me with Terminator: Salvation induced post-traumatic fanboy stress disorder (TSIPTFSD–if it’s not in the DSM yet, it will be soon). The treatment regimen consists of repeatedly watching Terminator and Terminator 2 until the names “McG” and “Sam Worthington” no longer send me into an apoplectic rage.

So far it’s going OK (the apoplectic rage that resulted from me typing those words only lasted five minutes this time), but one of the unfortunate side effects of this treatment is that I’m starting to nitpick the hell out of these movies, more so than they probably deserve (see also: motto of this site). Take, for instance, the famous ”hasta la vista, baby” scene from Terminator 2 in which Ahnuld shoots the frozen T-1000 and shatters him into a million pieces.

This seems like a poor tactical decision. Sarah Connor and Ahnuld are both injured. John isn’t much good in a fight. Their adversary is frozen pretty damn solid and isn’t going anywhere. Why don’t they run away, fix themselves up, and fight later?

Instead, he shoots the frozen T-1000 and shatters it into pieces. Okay, I know he needed to deliver a catchy one-liner, but look what happens. Moments later, the T-1000 quickly thaws out and reconstitutes itself.

Shouldn’t Ahnuld have known that the T-1000 would thaw out faster when shattered?

Here’s a better idea: why not take the frozen T-1000, pick it up, and just dunk it into the nearest convenient molten steel vat? It’s frozen. It’s not going anywhere. Its’s completely vulnerable.

Overthinking Lost: Season Five

by mlawski — Mon, Aug 31, 2009, 6:38am

We made it, guys!  Season five!  We’re here!  I finally finished watching all of Lost.  I am officially caught up.

Hot.

Hot.

Does that mean this is my last Overthinking Lost post?  Hardly!  This is only the beginning.  There is so much packed into these last seventeen episodes that it doesn’t seem fair to write just one post about it.  So, starting this week, I’ll try to tackle some of the show’s main themes: faith versus science, fate versus free will, and so forth.  Along the way I’ll try to make some predictions, too, about what may be to come.

This week’s topic: faith versus science!  Which side is winning?  Which side will win?  But first, my recaps for season five.

X-Ray gun?  Yes.  Pants?  Not bloody likely.

X-Ray gun? Yes. Pants? Not bloody likely.

Greetings, Earth-People:

Against the advice of some, and as many of you may know, I gladly (if not always ably) serve as the Overthinking It staff scientist™.  It’s an odd amalgam of roles, requiring mostly that I be at-the-ready if one of my fellow overthinkers needs a formula derived, has questions about standard units of measurement, or if something they took a pill for keeps on doing its thing for more time than they wanted/expected it to.

(I’m talking about erections, there.)

(…well, mosly.)

On rare occasion, though, I also get the chance to directly OverThink an aspect of Science in the popular culture.  The last time I did this for any serious length, actually, one of you responded to it by trying to debunk Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.

We in the Scientific community hope you get the help you so desperately deserve, Joe Nahhas, anonymous OTI reader.*

Still, if nothing else this may serve as some general indicator of a demand for sciency-type-stuff on our humble website.  Now, said sciencey-goop finds its way into our popular milieu through more venues than that most obvious route of Science Fiction.  As has been beautifully enumerated elsewhere, action movies are particularly adept at taking the kinds of “liberties” with Physics (both stunt- and plot-based) that can only be considered awe-inspiring.  But beyond that, arguably any cultural element for which characters, say, depend on some trendy (if not fictional) electronic devices, or suffer from/receive medical care for a fictional (if not trendy) ailment, evokes the Specter of Science in that work.  Not to mention those pop culture artifacts that, though not ostensibly about science, per se, feature a character who’s a scientist…

Nutty_Professor_Poster

This isn't helping things... for anyone.

The thing is, I have my favorite examples of where Pop Culture gets it right, (and wrong), but listening to me gripe about it isn’t much fun, is it?  It’s time to crowd-source it.

SO, dear OTI readers, I’d like you to chime in on a semi-regular piece I’ll write called “Ask A Scientist.”  I’d title it something more creative, but it takes enough self-restraint for me not publish these posts with an abstract and Materials/Methods section.  We’ll worry about the nuances of “clever titles,” “word order,” and “not using swear words to describe other peoples’ work in print” later.

Let’s get the ball rolling.  Got something you’ve seen on TV, in a movie that makes you think, “Is that really how that would work?”  or, “there’s no way a platypus could survive that!” or “can you really tell if it’s human DNA just by looking at a cartoon of it?”**  Sound off in the comments.  Or, you can always send me an email at mlawski@childfriendfinder.com shechner at overthinkingit dot com with your questions/observations regarding science in the popular media.

The lucky ones will get their questions addressed in an OverThought and moderately comic way, by me: Dave Shechner, professional scientist™.  Unlucky ones will be publicly harangued by me: Dave Shechner, semi-professional harague-ist (RM; patent-pending).

Extremely lucky ones will get a T-shirt bearing the likeness of Mr. Peter Fenzel.

And of course, members of the OTI writing staff, or its parent corporation are eligible to enter, and are encouraged to do so.

Nanoo nanoo.

* It was Joe Nahhas.
** Don’t get me started.  Seriously.

In honor of the release of the new Star Trek reboot, I decided to come back to a question that’s plagued my mind since I started watching Deep Space Nine so many years ago.  In the very first episode of DS9, the Federation moves into Terok Nor, a space-station located above the planet of Bajor, which has just been freed from a decades-long occupation by the Cardassians.  If your knowledge of Star Trek isn’t as deep as you’d like it to be, here’s an image to help you out:

cardassian-kardashian
Cardassians are snake-like in every sense of the word.  They are manipulative, with metaphorical “forked-tongues.”  They have scaly skin.  They like the dark and love moisture.  One of their favorite pastimes involves sitting on piping hot rocks, possibly to raise their body temperature.

Clearly, it takes no stretch of the imagination to believe that Cardassians are humanoids evolved from lizards rather than apes.  But that begs the following questions.  If Cardassians are lizards, then why do their women have mammalian breasts?  And, perhaps more importantly, do Cardassians have nipples, and, if so, why?

The evidence and some answers below the jump…

If Doc Brown Were a REAL Scientist

by shechner — Sat, Jan 24, 2009, 8:44am
BTTF Week

(Belated)

Well, I just couldn’t help myself.  After my Über-GedankenTM experimental ramblings last week on some scientific caveats to time travel, I got to thinking–er–OverThinkingTM how the scientific process itself would play out after such a monumental discovery.  After all, while most people–even scientists themselves–see science as the abstract pursuit of truth, the elucidation of the workings of the universe, in reality it’s also a business.

Some thoughts and an original webcomic, after the jump…

Wrather interviews and hazes new blog author David Shechner, asking him the five questions that will sequence his pop culture DNA. (This was recorded before Shana started the comix.)

Download Episode 6 (AAC Format)

[We at Overthinking It are pleased to welcome David Shechner as the newest member of our dysfunctional blogging family. Dave is a scientician (biochemist), cartoonist, and saxophone colossus (anyone? anyone?) and today weighs in on the death of Arthur C. Clarke. —Ed.]

Arthur C. Clarke, RIPWith the jarring loss of Dubba-G behind us, most of us in the Anne McCaffrey reading community had only recently reached some sense of closure, and returned to our daily lives this week. Pi day helped (Look ma! I DO go out on Friday nights! Yeah, it was to a math lecture…). Again, however, our comfortable little worlds were rocked like Alderaan, when we learned this morning of the passing of another great Sage of dorkdom: Sir Arthur C. Clarke.

Excuse me if my typing seems a bit cramped but this is being written – as per my usual idiom – from within the confines of my locker, into which I’ve been unceremoniously stuffed. Frankly, I’d hoped that such treatments would see their conclusion when I graduated from High School. Twelve years ago.

Stupid Chuck Peterson, thinks he’s so great.